Ok, I'm probably getting some of the numbers wrong here, but it's my understanding that any country that owns a natural island gets to claim the waters off of that island for a distance out to something like 200 miles (unless that takes you into someone else’s claim, in which case you kind of split the difference). I've seen a couple weird stories in the news lately about this issue, and I had a sociology teacher tell me that his best guess over what would cause the next big war was sea mineral rights.
The two stories basically seemed pretty silly. Japan owns a coral island that is a couple of feet above sea level. It's sinking. Now Japan is looking at plans to put some sort of cement cap on the 'natural' island so that it doesn't disappear, because if it disappears, this little spec of an island, it will cost Japan control of a 400 mile diameter stretch of ocean, and all the fishing rights and mineral rights that go with it.
It's my understanding that territorial claims used to expand only 12 miles.
The next story is about Canada invading Denmark. Yeap. Didn't hear about it? Well, it seems there is a small little island (this one is huge compared to the Japanese atoll from the previous example, something like a quarter of a square mile) that both Canada and Greenland (property of Denmark) both claim. Until recent global warming nobody really cared, and really, they don't care, except for this 200 mile business. Well, Canada sent some official to land on the island (possession is 9/10ths of the law after all) and now, even although the Canadian left, the Danes think it might be a good idea to send a warship (yes Denmark has a warship) to the island to reassert their claim.
This all sounds kind of silly, but what would happen if someone found something interesting on the seabed, and some way to extract it, oil comes to mind, but fishing rights are always important, and with global warming fishing patterns may change. There is no reason to suspect that the ocean floor has any less gold, silver, uranium, etc. than its 70% of the Earth's surface suggests. Certainly we're to civilized to go to war over...
Well, what to do? My first suggestion is to reign in the sea claims of nations. 200 Miles may be fine for continents, or even huge islands like Japan and England, but for a coral atoll in the pacific? Let’s be logical. If you own one of these itsy bitsys, let’s set a minimum sea ownership of 1 mile. Any natural island gets you one mile out, unless that intersects it with another claim. Intersecting claims would split the difference in a simple ration of the size of the two islands. Now, if your island is a bit bigger we have to do some measuring. Let’s be generous and take the island's widest point as its size. If the island's widest point is 1.2 miles, let’s let the island claim 1.2 miles worth of sea in every direction. If it's 200 miles wide, let’s let it claim 200 miles out. Anything more than that though, we keep at 200 miles.
The rest of the ocean should be under international law. We always complain how much money we spend funding the UN, well, let them tax the oceans. With a veto at the UN we still can prevent any crazy tax levels. That's my idea. If you don't like it, suggest your own. It's something politicians should be discussing, but aren't. Until next time...